Melt butter in 6-quart soup pot over medium. Cook onion, carrots, and celery 7 minutes until starting to soften; add garlic 30 seconds.
Add broth, bay, thyme, soup salt, and pepper. Gently simmer 15 minutes until carrots tender.
Meanwhile, boil noodle water with teaspoon salt separately. Cook noodles according to package, about 7 to 9 minutes, until just tender; drain.
Add turkey; gently simmer 5 to 8 minutes to 165°F. Remove bay.
Divide noodles among 6 bowls; ladle soup over. Store leftover noodles separately from soup.