Heat the oven to 450°F. Place tomatoes cut-side up on a rimmed sheet, brush with 1 tablespoon oil and season with 1/4 teaspoon salt and pepper. Roast for 25 to 30 minutes until tender with browned edges.
Let tomatoes cool for 5 minutes, then blend them and their juices with chipotle, adobo sauce and broth in a vented countertop blender following its warm-liquid instructions.
Meanwhile, bring pasta water and its tablespoon salt to a boil. Cook spaghetti for 1 minute less than the package time, reserving 1/2 cup cooking water before draining.
Heat remaining oil in a large skillet over medium-high heat. Brown beef and onion for 8 minutes until beef reaches 160°F, then drain excess fat. Stir in garlic, cumin, oregano and remaining 1/2 teaspoon salt for 30 seconds.
Add blended tomato sauce and simmer for 5 minutes. Fold in spaghetti and toss over low heat for 1 to 2 minutes, adding reserved pasta water 2 tablespoons at a time only if needed for a loose coating.
Remove from the heat and wait 1 minute for bubbling to stop. Stir in sour cream and white cheddar until evenly coated, then divide among 4 bowls.