Melt the butter in a large skillet over medium heat, add the onions and sugar and cook until deeply golden, 18 to 22 minutes.
Season the beef with the salt and pepper and arrange it in a 6-quart slow cooker.
Spread the browned onions over the beef and add the broth, Worcestershire, thyme and bay leaf.
Cover and cook on low until the beef pulls apart easily, 7 1/2 to 8 hours.
Discard the bay leaf, shred the beef into large pieces and stir in the balsamic vinegar.
Top the baguette slices with Gruyere and broil until the cheese bubbles and browns at the edges, 2 to 3 minutes.
Ladle the onion broth and beef into bowls and set one cheese toast on each serving.