Heat the oven to 425°F and toss the cauliflower with the olive oil, 1/2 teaspoon salt and black pepper.
Roast the cauliflower on a sheet pan until browned and just tender, 18 to 20 minutes.
Melt the butter in a saucepan, whisk in the flour for 1 minute and gradually whisk in the warm milk.
Simmer until thick, remove from the heat and stir in the mustard, remaining salt and 1 1/2 cups cheddar.
Fold the roasted cauliflower and cooked chicken into the sauce and transfer the mixture to a 2 1/2-quart dish.
Top with the remaining cheddar and bake at 375°F until bubbling, 15 minutes.