Heat oven to 425°F. Toss squash with 1 tablespoon oil and 1/4 teaspoon salt on a rimmed sheet. Roast 20–25 minutes, turning once, until browned and tender.
Meanwhile, heat remaining oil in a soup pot over medium. Cook fennel and onion 8 minutes; stir in garlic for 30 seconds.
Add tomatoes with juices, broth, oregano, beans and remaining salt. Bring to a simmer; cook 10 minutes.
Add farfalline; simmer 4 minutes. Add kale; cook 5–7 minutes more, until pasta is tender with a little bite.
Fold in squash, lemon juice and pepper. Heat 2 minutes; serve while pasta still has a little bite.